Special attention should be paid to the topographical condition of the Red Sea coastal areas, particularly in the northern half of the sea where mountain ranges that surround the sea almost touch the water. Consequently, in the cold half of the year, synoptic systems of the region result in producing S-SE current in the southern half and N-NE currents in the northern half. These currents that blowing the opposite direction and face each other around the area limited approximately between 18°-22°where they create a noticeable convergence zone.Concurrently, when the North African trough develops over Egypt and the Sudan, the Red Sea convergence zone is highly activated and causes the trough to move east under the convergence zone causing unusually heavy rainfall over the south and south east Iran

Political and economic relations between the Persian Gulf states and the Red Sea countries, along with their historical background, have been accompanied by many ups and downs. With the intensification of disputes and rivalries between Persian Gulf states in the light of the revolutionary developments in the Middle East in 2011 onwards, these rivalries and alliances also covered other areas, including the Red Sea, and the Red Sea enjoyed a strategic position in the strategic policies of the Persian Gulf countries, especially Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia became a major player in the political and economic scene of this strategic region by deepening its economic and political strategies in the Red Sea. In this article, the aim is to use the approach of international political economy and focusing on the Red Sea and Horn of Africa region, to find the goals and reasons for the economic and political presence of Saudi Arabia in this region. The main question is, what are the economic and political benefits of Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea? Our hypothesis is: economic goals such as maritime trade, economic investments and implementation of economic projects and political goals such as regional coalition building, weakening the power of Turkey / Qatar and Iran / Ansaru Allah Yemen the most important variables and economic and political advantages of Saudi Arabia are in the Red Sea. Findings show that the Red Sea has a strategic priority in the view of Saudi leaders to be able to develop their power in this strategic region and this goal is being pursued simultaneously with economic and political tools.

Precipitation is one of the most complicated atmospheric elements having a lot of spatial and temporal variability. Specifying its characteristics and humidity sources, makes it possible to predict and understand this atmospheric element in a better and deeper way. The Red Sea trough is a surface low pressure which is extended over the Red Sea. This trough is usually associated with dry and warm weather. Simultaneous existence of a trough in middle level with surface trough can cause heavy precipitations and showery weather in east of Mediterranean and also in Iran. To verify the effect of the Red Sea trough on the precipitation of Iran, firstly the Iran precipitation data for a specific period (1/1/1340 to 10/10/1383 solar) were prepared. Secondly the Red sea trough for this period was also identified. Cluster analysis of the red sea trough showed that this trough has three main patterns. Then precipitation increment percent for each month of the year for every pattern of the Red sea trough was calculated and their maps were drawn too. This work was done for each day of the year as well.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the competition for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence competition emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the competition for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming competitions in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.

ABSTRACTAmong the cyclones that affect the sometimes-widespread rainfall in Iran are the merging systems of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Therefore, it is very important to obtain the changes in the intensity of the geopotential height and the geopotential height shift of the Mediterranean-Red Sea convection patterns as one of the factors of the manifestations of these gyres, as well as the precipitation in some areas of Iran. To carry out this research, the data of geopotential height level of 1000 hectopascals related to the European Center for Medium-term Atmospheric Forecasting and ERA-Entrim version were used as a six-hour observation during the period of 1979-2018. To investigate the presence of jumps and fluctuations in the intensity of the Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclone centers during the statistical period, the Alexanderson index, known as the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) index, was used. A non-parametric chi-square statistic was exerted to verify and investigate the significance of the trend between geopotential height data and geopotential height tilt data. The parametric linear regression method was used to analyze and model the long-term trend. The findings of the present research indicate the increase of geopotential height in the place of the formation of the circulation centers of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the decrease of the pressure gradient in the average annual values, which will probably lead to a decrease in instability and precipitation in the affected areas. The geopotential height shift data of the Mediterranean Sea had a significant jump in 1996, which divided the time series into two periods before and after the jump. The results indicate an upward trend in these two time periods, but the second period, with a gentler slope, has increased compared to the previous periodExtended AbstractIntroductionMediterranean Sea and Red Sea cyclones are a type of extratropical-tropical merge system that can influence precipitation over Iran. These combined Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones form concurrently over the Mediterranean and Red Sea basins. They may sometimes merge as they track eastward, bringing precipitation to Iran (particularly southern and southwestern Iran). Changes in these merged cyclone systems are likely linked to shifts in Iran's precipitation climatology. Examining trends in the intensity of Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones can thus provide insights into changes in Iran's precipitation patterns. This study investigates trends in the intensity of combined Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclonic systems and their relationship to precipitation over Iran. Cyclone intensity is assessed using geopotential height data at the 1000 hPa level over 40 years. Statistical tests, including chi-square and linear regression analysis, are applied to the geopotential height time series to detect significant trends. The focus is on examining changes in geopotential height slopes and trends that may indicate cyclone intensity changes. This research aims to improve understanding of how Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones change and identify their impacts on Iran's precipitation climatology. The results can aid in tracking precipitation changes and projecting future climate scenarios for the region. The intensity trends may also provide broader insights into how climate change influences global cyclone behavior. Materials and methodsTo examine the changes in intensity of atmospheric systems and geopotential height, as well as the geopotential height shift of Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones from 1979 to 2018, geopotential height data at the 1000 hPa level were utilized. The study area encompassed coordinates ranging from -10° E to 120° E and 0° N to 80° N, with a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25°. This area consisted of 321 x 521 pixels, totaling 167,241 pixels. The Mediterranean and Red Sea cyclones, which are extratropical-tropical systems that occasionally merge and influence precipitation in Iran, were investigated. Statistical tests, such as chi-square and linear regression analysis, were conducted on the geopotential height time series for each pixel within the studied region to identify significant trends. The primary focus was analyzing changes in geopotential height slopes and trends, which could indicate cyclone intensity alterations. Results and DiscussionThis section presents the findings and discussion on the changes observed in monthly geopotential height intensity and geopotential height gradient of Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones. In the Mediterranean Sea, an upward trend was observed in the geopotential height intensity, while a downward trend was observed in the geopotential height gradient. The increase in geopotential height over the circulation centers of the Mediterranean Sea and the decrease in pressure gradient are likely to result in reduced atmospheric instability and precipitation in the region. These results align with Darende's (2013) and Skleris et al. (2012) findings. Contrasting the Mediterranean Sea, the analysis of the Red Sea data revealed a downward trend in geopotential height and an upward trend in geopotential height intensity, indicating an increase in instability. This finding is consistent with the results of Asakereh and Khani (2021). No statistically significant trends were observed in the annual averages of geopotential height and geopotential height gradient in the Red Sea. However, the annual averages of both geopotential height and its gradient in the Mediterranean Sea exhibited a decreasing trend. A notable shift in the Mediterranean geopotential height occurred in 1996, dividing it into two distinct phases. Both phases showed an upward trend, albeit with a gentler slope in the second phase. The annual trend of geopotential height in the Mediterranean Sea revealed a decreasing pattern, which has been previously documented in studies by Alpert (1994, 2004).  ConclusionThese studies suggest that while this reduction in geopotential height has taken place, cyclone tracks have shifted towards northern latitudes, resulting in increased drought and decreased precipitation in regions influenced by these cyclones, including Iran. The studies also acknowledge that changes in high-pressure systems near the tropics and alterations in cyclone direction contribute to variations in dry seasons and reduced precipitation. Further investigation of long-term changes in the geopotential height of the Mediterranean Sea identified three distinct phases in the time series: 1988-1979, 2005-1989, and 2006-2018. The decreasing trend in Mediterranean Sea cyclones persists until the final years of the period, indicating a potential cause for the reduction in atmospheric instability. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test was employed to determine the appropriate statistical test (parametric or non-parametric) for comparing means and variances across different periods. The parametric tests (one-sample t-test) and the one-way variance test confirmed the normal distribution of the data. Furthermore, no statistically significant trends were observed when examining the geopotential height intensity and gradient of two-day continuities of Mediterranean-Red Sea cyclones. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAll of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In cold and transition seasons, a surface trough is forms over the Red Sea which can affect its neighbor regions. At the closest distance, the Red Sea is about 1500 km distant from Iran, which in synoptic scale is not too distant. Regarding the direction of large scale atmospheric streams, this trough can have some influences over Iran’s climate. In this research the impact of Red Sea Trough on the heavy precipitations of Iran was studied. The analysis of surface level maps indicated that out of 30 cases of heavy precipitations of Iran in the rank order (mean precipitation), 17 cases are related to the Red Sea Trough. Geopotential height maps in the middle level of atmosphere also show the simultaneous existence of middle trough at the time of precipitations in Iran with the Red Sea Trough. Three cases of these precipitations were analyzed. Moisture flux convergence maps at the time of the three heavy precipitations indicate the transmission of humidity from Arabian Sea toward Red Sea. Then this humidity through the impact of upward motions affected by middle level trough over Red Sea ascends and flows towards the eastern regions of this sea including Iran and, consequently, causes heavy precipitations. These heavy precipitations affect mostly south and south western s regions of Iran.

The waters of the South Sea of China are among the important international shipping lines and the artery of the world's sea routes.More than half of the world's trade and one-third of shipping is crossing the area. In recent years, the southern shore of the southern shore of China, especially the tin of Malacca and the Solo-Sulawesi Sea (the blue border of three Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), has been very important for the economic and political development of the countries of the region due to its geographic and geo-economic status. However, maritime trade in this water zone has faced increasing challenges in the field of maritime security threats in recent years. The most important elements of maritime security in the region include piracy, maritime terrorism, human trafficking (one example of organized crime), illegal fishing and marine pollution caused by oil and gas fields at sea. In this area, maritime surveillance is also used as a tactic and source of income for groups associated with terrorist activities and extremism (the Abu Sayf terrorist group).... On the one hand, a significant part of the regional trade in ASEAN is carried out through this sea. The research question is, what is the international and regional legal structure dealing with theft and maritime terrorism? In response to this question, it has been shown that regional states and trans-regional powers display different behaviors. The present study was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods.

Sistan wind is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena of warm period of year in Iran plateau which creates environmental different impacts on its dominated region. In the northern hemisphere during summer monsoon, ITCZ moves to higher northern geographic latitude. South Asia summer monsoon system is one of the phenomena which arises from this movement and a tongue extension of Gang low moues towards west, its domination over southern region of Iran, and its penetration to Khozestan plain and Mesopotamia is also one of this movement outcome. In the meantime, in atmospheric low level, Azores high tongue, in this region of the world also has to remain in north territories of Iran (that is over Caspian sea and its surrounding) more than worldwide average. So that, with the pressure gradient between the Caspian sea high and Gang low generates the Sistan wind system, in a way that can be said that this is northern trade wind which blows in the region. The period used in this study was for 2480 days in 22 years (2012-1993) from May until end of September. The atmospheric circulation types were extracted using daily mean of the 850 hPa geopotential height data for these days between 15°–80°E, 5°–50°N, with a 2.5° (lat) × 2.5° (lon) spatial resolution. These data were retrieved from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis archive. Then the agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis with the ward algorithm and Euclidean distance were used to identify atmospheric circulation types over Iran in mentioned period of years. Because using hierarchical cluster analysis can take maximized within-group similarity and minimized between-group similarity in data, the groups of days with similar characteristics were determined. Then the calculated within-group correlations were used to identify representative days. The day with highest within-group correlation was representative day of atmospheric circulation types. Finally, 5 atmospheric circulation types were identified in this period in which 2 cluster showed the mechanism of in Sistan winds in the southeast of Iran. Then for representative day of atmospheric circulation types in 2 mentioned clusters, wind speed and direction, as well as the wind convergence in levels of in 1000, 925, 850 and 700 hPa and also the convergence in atmospheric vertical profiles were analyzed. This paper identifies that, this wind has the features of LLJ and its core is often at 850 hPa level which is titled and is known as Sistan LLJ. Its speed continuation also stretches to low levels and to the earth surface, as a result it creates Sistan wind near the surface. On the other hand, along with ITCZ belt anomalous movement to northern hemisphere, the southern trade winds also enter northern hemisphere to reach ITCZ belt and after acquiring humidty from Indian ocean and Arabian sea, they enter Indian subcontinent. Now, the assumption is tested that between these two kinds of blowing systems (Sistan LLJ and southern trades) a region of convergence must be created, then with the continuation of the above convergenced, wind sysrem is identified over north of Arabian sea, Pakistan and Iran coasts. This convergence region which establishes at the time of Sistan LLJ balances with southern trade winds, which determines its location geographic latitude. So that, if Sistan LLJ blows slowly, this convergence region moves to more southern geographic latitudes.also its vertical extension in atmosphere is to the extent that its generating factors (Sistan LLJ and southern trades) exist and when one of these factors, does ascend to the higher level of atmosphere, this convergence region disappears. So that, naturally its establishment can be observed from the earth surface to 750 hPa level, and it often disappears above this level. This convergence region can also be a reason for the issue that during the fact Sistan LLJ the northern trade winds converge with southern trades on Arabian sea. The other indications of these winds are being originated from subtropical high and blowing toward tropical convergence region, so that the Indian monsoon is in fact the southern trades and Sistan LLJ that blow from two sides towards ITCZ.

Face recognition from digital images is used for surveillance and authentication in cities, organizations, and personal devices. Internet of Things (IoT)-powered face recognition systems use multiple sensors and one or more servers to process data. All sensor data from initial methods was sent to the central server for processing, raising concerns about sensitive data disclosure. The main concern was that all data from all sectors that could contain confidential information was placed in a central server. Federated learning can solve this problem by using several local model training servers for each region and a central aggregation server to form a global model in IoT networks. This article presents a novel approach to optimize data transfer and convergence time in federated learning for a face recognition task using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). The aim of the study is to balance the trade-off between training time and model accuracy in a federated learning environment. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in reducing data transfer and convergence time, leading to improved performance in face recognition accuracy. This research provides insights for researchers and practitioners to enhance the efficiency of federated learning in real-world applications.